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hexo-theme-yorha-test/source/nginx-docs/linux-packages.md

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## nginx: Linux packages
[Supported distributions and versions](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#distributions)
[Installation instructions](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#instructions)
     [RHEL/CentOS](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#RHEL-CentOS)
     [Debian](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Debian)
     [Ubuntu](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Ubuntu)
     [SLES](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#SLES)
     [Alpine](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Alpine)
     [Amazon Linux](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Amazon-Linux)
[Source Packages](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#sourcepackages)
[Dynamic Modules](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#dynmodules)
[Signatures](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#signatures)
#### Supported distributions and versions
nginx packages are available for the following Linux distributions and versions:
[RHEL/CentOS](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#RHEL-CentOS)
> | Version | Supported Platforms |
> | ------- | ---------------------------- |
> | 7.4+ | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 8.x | x86_64, aarch64/arm64, s390x |
> | 9.x | x86_64, aarch64/arm64, s390x |
[Debian](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Debian)
> | Version | Supported Platforms |
> | --------------- | --------------------------- |
> | 10.x “buster” | x86_64, i386, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 11.x “bullseye” | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
[Ubuntu](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Ubuntu)
> | Version | Supported Platforms |
> | -------------- | ---------------------------- |
> | 18.04 “bionic” | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 20.04 “focal” | x86_64, aarch64/arm64, s390x |
> | 22.04 “jammy” | x86_64, aarch64/arm64, s390x |
[SLES](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#SLES)
> | Version | Supported Platforms |
> | ------- | ------------------- |
> | 12 SP5+ | x86_64 |
> | 15 SP2+ | x86_64 |
[Alpine](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Alpine)
> | Version | Supported platforms |
> | ------- | --------------------- |
> | 3.13 | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 3.14 | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 3.15 | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
> | 3.16 | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
[Amazon Linux](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#Amazon-Linux)
> | Version | Supported platforms |
> | ------- | --------------------- |
> | 2 (LTS) | x86_64, aarch64/arm64 |
#### Installation instructions
Before you install nginx for the first time on a new machine, you need to set up the nginx packages repository. Afterward, you can install and update nginx from the repository.
#### RHEL/CentOS
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo yum install yum-utils
To set up the yum repository, create the file named `/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo` with the following contents:
> [nginx-stable]
> name=nginx stable repo
> baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
> gpgcheck=1
> enabled=1
> gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
> module_hotfixes=true
> [nginx-mainline]
> name=nginx mainline repo
> baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
> gpgcheck=1
> enabled=0
> gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
> module_hotfixes=true
By default, the repository for stable nginx packages is used. If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command:
> sudo yum-config-manager --enable nginx-mainline
To install nginx, run the following command:
> sudo yum install nginx
When prompted to accept the GPG key, verify that the fingerprint matches `573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62`, and if so, accept it.
#### Debian
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release debian-archive-keyring
Import an official nginx signing key so apt could verify the packages authenticity. Fetch the key:
> curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | gpg --dearmor \
> | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
Verify that the downloaded file contains the proper key:
> gpg --dry-run --quiet --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
The output should contain the full fingerprint `573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62` as follows:
> pub rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2024-06-14]
> 573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
> uid nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>
If the fingerprint is different, remove the file.
To set up the apt repository for stable nginx packages, run the following command:
> echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
> http://nginx.org/packages/debian `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command instead:
> echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
> http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/debian `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
Set up repository pinning to prefer our packages over distribution-provided ones:
> echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx
To install nginx, run the following commands:
> sudo apt update
> sudo apt install nginx
#### Ubuntu
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release ubuntu-keyring
Import an official nginx signing key so apt could verify the packages authenticity. Fetch the key:
> curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | gpg --dearmor \
> | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
Verify that the downloaded file contains the proper key:
> gpg --dry-run --quiet --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
The output should contain the full fingerprint `573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62` as follows:
> pub rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2024-06-14]
> 573BFD6B3D8FBC641079A6ABABF5BD827BD9BF62
> uid nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>
If the fingerprint is different, remove the file.
To set up the apt repository for stable nginx packages, run the following command:
> echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
> http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command instead:
> echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] \
> http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
Set up repository pinning to prefer our packages over distribution-provided ones:
> echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" \
> | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx
To install nginx, run the following commands:
> sudo apt update
> sudo apt install nginx
#### SLES
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo zypper install curl ca-certificates gpg2
To set up the zypper repository for stable nginx packages, run the following command:
> sudo zypper addrepo --gpgcheck --type yum --refresh --check \
> 'http://nginx.org/packages/sles/$releasever_major' nginx-stable
If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command instead:
> sudo zypper addrepo --gpgcheck --type yum --refresh --check \
> 'http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/sles/$releasever_major' nginx-mainline
Next, import an official nginx signing key so zypper/rpm could verify the packages authenticity. Fetch the key:
> curl -o /tmp/nginx_signing.key https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
Verify that the downloaded file contains the proper key:
> gpg --with-fingerprint /tmp/nginx_signing.key
The output should contain the full fingerprint `573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62` as follows:
> pub 2048R/7BD9BF62 2011-08-19 [expires: 2024-06-14]
> Key fingerprint = 573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62
> uid nginx signing key <signing-key@nginx.com>
Finally, import the key to the rpm database:
> sudo rpmkeys --import /tmp/nginx_signing.key
To install nginx, run the following command:
> sudo zypper install nginx
#### Alpine
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo apk add openssl curl ca-certificates
To set up the apk repository for stable nginx packages, run the following command:
> printf "%s%s%s%s\n" \
> "@nginx " \
> "http://nginx.org/packages/alpine/v" \
> `egrep -o '^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' /etc/alpine-release` \
> "/main" \
> | sudo tee -a /etc/apk/repositories
If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command instead:
> printf "%s%s%s%s\n" \
> "@nginx " \
> "http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/alpine/v" \
> `egrep -o '^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' /etc/alpine-release` \
> "/main" \
> | sudo tee -a /etc/apk/repositories
Next, import an official nginx signing key so apk could verify the packages authenticity. Fetch the key:
> curl -o /tmp/nginx_signing.rsa.pub https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.rsa.pub
Verify that downloaded file contains the proper key:
> openssl rsa -pubin -in /tmp/nginx_signing.rsa.pub -text -noout
The output should contain the following modulus:
> Public-Key: (2048 bit)
> Modulus:
> 00:fe:14:f6:0a:1a:b8:86:19:fe:cd:ab:02:9f:58:
> 2f:37:70:15:74:d6:06:9b:81:55:90:99:96:cc:70:
> 5c:de:5b:e8:4c:b2:0c:47:5b:a8:a2:98:3d:11:b1:
> f6:7d:a0:46:df:24:23:c6:d0:24:52:67:ba:69:ab:
> 9a:4a:6a:66:2c:db:e1:09:f1:0d:b2:b0:e1:47:1f:
> 0a:46:ac:0d:82:f3:3c:8d:02:ce:08:43:19:d9:64:
> 86:c4:4e:07:12:c0:5b:43:ba:7d:17:8a:a3:f0:3d:
> 98:32:b9:75:66:f4:f0:1b:2d:94:5b:7c:1c:e6:f3:
> 04:7f:dd:25:b2:82:a6:41:04:b7:50:93:94:c4:7c:
> 34:7e:12:7c:bf:33:54:55:47:8c:42:94:40:8e:34:
> 5f:54:04:1d:9e:8c:57:48:d4:b0:f8:e4:03:db:3f:
> 68:6c:37:fa:62:14:1c:94:d6:de:f2:2b:68:29:17:
> 24:6d:f7:b5:b3:18:79:fd:31:5e:7f:4c:be:c0:99:
> 13:cc:e2:97:2b:dc:96:9c:9a:d0:a7:c5:77:82:67:
> c9:cb:a9:e7:68:4a:e1:c5:ba:1c:32:0e:79:40:6e:
> ef:08:d7:a3:b9:5d:1a:df:ce:1a:c7:44:91:4c:d4:
> 99:c8:88:69:b3:66:2e:b3:06:f1:f4:22:d7:f2:5f:
> ab:6d
> Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Finally, move the key to apk trusted keys storage:
> sudo mv /tmp/nginx_signing.rsa.pub /etc/apk/keys/
To install nginx, run the following command:
> sudo apk add nginx@nginx
The `@nginx` tag should also be specified when installing packages with [dynamic modules](https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#dynmodules):
> sudo apk add nginx-module-image-filter@nginx nginx-module-njs@nginx
#### Amazon Linux
Install the prerequisites:
> sudo yum install yum-utils
To set up the yum repository, create the file named `/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo` with the following contents:
> [nginx-stable]
> name=nginx stable repo
> baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/amzn2/$releasever/$basearch/
> gpgcheck=1
> enabled=1
> gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
> module_hotfixes=true
> [nginx-mainline]
> name=nginx mainline repo
> baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/amzn2/$releasever/$basearch/
> gpgcheck=1
> enabled=0
> gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
> module_hotfixes=true
By default, the repository for stable nginx packages is used. If you would like to use mainline nginx packages, run the following command:
> sudo yum-config-manager --enable nginx-mainline
To install nginx, run the following command:
> sudo yum install nginx
When prompted to accept the GPG key, verify that the fingerprint matches `573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62`, and if so, accept it.
#### Source Packages
Packaging sources can be found in the [packaging sources repository](http://hg.nginx.org/pkg-oss).
The `default` branch holds packaging sources for the current mainline version, while `stable-*` branches contain latest sources for stable releases. To build binary packages, run `make` in `debian/` directory on Debian/Ubuntu, or in `rpm/SPECS/` on RHEL/CentOS/SLES/Amazon Linux, or in `alpine/` on Alpine.
Packaging sources are distributed under the same [2-clause BSD-like license](https://nginx.org/LICENSE) used by nginx.
#### Dynamic Modules
Main nginx package is built with all modules that do not require additional libraries to avoid extra dependencies. Since version 1.9.11, nginx supports [dynamic modules](https://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#load_module) and the following modules are built as dynamic and shipped as separate packages:
> nginx-module-geoip
> nginx-module-image-filter
> nginx-module-njs
> nginx-module-perl
> nginx-module-xslt
#### Signatures
Since our [PGP keys](https://nginx.org/en/pgp_keys.html) and packages are located on the same server, they are equally trusted. It is highly advised to additionally verify the authenticity of the downloaded PGP key. PGP has the “Web of Trust” concept, when a key is signed by someone else’s key, that in turn is signed by another key and so on. It often makes possible to build a chain from an arbitrary key to someone’s key who you know and trust personally, thus verify the authenticity of the first key in a chain. This concept is described in details in [GPG Mini Howto](https://www.gnupg.org/howtos/en/GPGMiniHowto-1.html). Our keys have enough signatures, and their authenticity is relatively easy to check.